Calcium buildup is chemically called calcium carbonate. That’s the same stuff that makes up seashells and eggshells. You are literally dissolving seashells off your shower head.
Vinegar works because it’s a weak acid. It reacts with the calcium to produce carbon dioxide gas. Those tiny bubbles you see? That’s the calcium screaming as it turns into farts.
In ancient Rome, they cleaned aqueducts with vinegar. Yes, you are using Roman plumbing technology. You are a time-traveling engineer.
The Sneaky Alternative
If you hate the smell of vinegar, use a lemon. Cut a lemon in half. Rub the cut side directly on the shower head. Leave the juice on for 15 minutes.
Citric acid works just as well. Plus, your bathroom smells fresh. It’s like a spa day for your crusty hardware.
You can also buy a commercial descaler. But why spend money when you can use kitchen stuff? You are a budget-friendly mad scientist.